Women remain a minority of trainees in interventional radiology (IR) since the residency’s inception in 2014. Similar phenomena have been observed in other surgical specialties. Our study aims to quantify changes in female trainee representation in integrated IR over a five-year period from the 2018-19 to 2022-23 academic years and to compare with trends in other specialties.

The Neiman Imaging Comorbidity Index (NICI) was developed and validated in a claims dataset encompassing >10 million privately insured beneficiaries, in which it outperformed the commonly used Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in predicting advanced imaging use. This external validation assessed the broader generalizability of NICI for predicting receipt of advanced imaging in nationally representative populations, including patients insured by Medicare, Medicaid, and private payers.